Many philosophers consider philosophy to be a science, as we do in this work. Every science has a subject of science (what it studies) and a method of science (what is used to study the subject of science). As a result, a theory of the subject of science arises, which is reduced to a set of true statements about the subject. The truth of not all statements can be seen directly or with the help of suitable instruments. For example, the truth of statements of generality (and often existence) has to be proven, for which it is necessary to use one or another logic as one of the methods of science. When choosing and constructing logic, as is evident from the works of Frege, Quine, Wittgenstein and others, they usually turn to natural language, while no clear and sufficient grounds are presented for this choice. In contrast to such uncertainty, the theory of categorical systems (TCS) developed by the author, which is a formalization and development of the theory of functional systems by P.K. Anokhin, provides the following methodology for constructing logic for a particular theory. The main principle adopted in TCS comes from P.K. Anokhin and consists of the postulate that the system is completely determined by its system-forming factor (the goal, the result of which the system achieves). Science is a system with a system-forming factor “to build a theory of the subject of science”, the postulate requires that everything, including the concept of the truth of statements for the subject of this science, logic adequate to the subject of science, etc., be built with the support of the subject of science itself only. This means that there are as many logics as there are subjects of science. Systems theory prohibits taking a previously known logic for a particular science (for example, classical logic). A brilliant example of such a construction of theory and logic is the constructive mathematics of A.A. Markov, which, as is known, underlies the theory of algorithms and artificial intelligence. The constructive logic in the form of the Markov tower, constructed according to the given systemic method, is very complex, uses a hierarchy of an unlimited number of logical languages for (the subject of this science) words in alphabets and some constructive operations with words. For philosophy (as a science), there is its subject, the philosophical universe (matter, emotions, “everything that can be thought of”, etc.), but to construct logic (philosophical logic) for the conclusions of true statements about the universe, despite numerous attempts, starting with Leibniz, is not possible, in particular, because the universe is too vast. The assumption that narrowing the universe will lead to a decrease in the complexity of the problem was justified: having narrowed the philosophical universe to words in alphabets with constructive operations, we come to the Markov tower, as the first example of a systematically completely constructed philosophical logic. The above is developed in sufficient detail in the article.
philosophical logic; constructive mathematics; theory of Markov algorithms; artificial intelligence; Markov tower; insight, artificial consciousness.